有机物料对白土土壤胡敏酸结构特征的影响

【目的】研究有机物料施入对白土土壤的腐殖质含量组成和胡敏酸(HA)结构特征的影响,为明确不同腐殖质组分对土壤肥力的影响提供理论依据。【方法】供试土壤为江苏省溧阳市南渡镇"白土改良大田示范试验核心区"的南方中低产水稻土(白土)。试验设秸秆还田(ST)、施有机肥(OM)和对照(CK,不施有机物)3个处理,培肥3年。同时采集试验田周围相邻的江苏省耕地质量监测点(2007~2013年)的每年施化肥(LAF)和长期不施肥(NF)的两种处理土壤进行比对研究。分别测定土壤的基本理化性质及其腐殖质含量的组成,并提取土壤胡敏酸(HA)固体样品利用红外光谱和元素分析来进行结构表征。【结果】秸秆还田和施有机肥处理的有机碳、全氮含量明显高于对照;与对照相比,施有机物料土壤HA的E4/E6比值增加,且秸秆还田施有机肥对照。红外光谱显示,试验区域和耕地监测点的不同处理土壤HA均在1650 cm-1处(酰胺I带)和1550 cm-1处(1500~1580 cm-1酰胺II带伸缩振动)有特征吸收。施有机肥和秸秆还田处理土壤HA的2920/1720、2920/1650比值显著大于对照。在元素组成上,OM、ST处理的土壤腐殖质(HA)中C、H、N的含量比均高于CK,相对长期施化肥(LAF)和不施肥(NF)的土壤有明显提高,而氧元素的含量呈降低的趋势;OM和ST处理土壤HA的[H]/[C]和[O]/[C]原子数比均低于CK;与LAF和NF处理相比,试验区域各处理土壤腐殖质的[H]/[C]和[O]/[C]原子数比均有明显降低。【结论】有机物料施入土壤后可增加土壤有机碳含量,改善土壤理化性质,提高作物产量和品质,且施入土壤的有机物料可转化为新的腐殖质,降低土壤的腐殖化程度。土壤腐殖质(HA)的红外光谱分析说明,白土土壤HA具有明显的酰胺类化合物特征。有机物料施入后使得土壤脂族性增强,羧基量减少,芳香度降低;秸秆还田和施有机肥处理与对照相比,土壤HA的[H]/[C]和[O]/[C]比均有下降的趋势,且HA的氮素含量明显增加,这显示有机物料施入后白土土壤腐殖质发生"脱水"过程,同时也反映了白土土壤腐殖质形成的特征。     

木糖氧化无色杆菌反硝化亚种细菌的分离鉴定及其菲降解特性研究

利用选择性富集培养及升华法,从石油污染的土壤中分离到2株菲降解细菌,它们在以菲为唯一碳源的培养基上生长良好。应用BIOLOG细菌鉴定系统和分子生物学方法对两株细菌进行鉴定,两株菌分别为坚强芽孢杆菌(Bacillus.firmus)和木糖氧化无色杆菌反硝化亚种(Achromobacter.xylosoxidanssub.sp.denitrificans),两株菌均具有邻苯二酚氧化酶活性。两株细菌在液体培养条件下都表现较强降解菲的能力,液体培养60.h约90%的加入菲被降解。通过测定液体培养基中菲浓度和菌体密度变化发现,菌株降解菲的量与其生长密度相关;随着菌体浓度(吸光度)的增加,代谢底物菲的浓度明显降低,两株菌混合使用能够大幅度提高降解菲的能力。     

植物–微生物联合对土壤不同粒径组分中 PAHs 的修复作用

采用温室盆栽试验,在种植紫花苜蓿的同时,分别施加木霉菌剂、根瘤菌菌剂以及木霉与根瘤菌复合菌剂,并采用离心分级法将处理后土壤分为4个粒径团聚体,即细黏粒(0.1~1μm)、粗黏粒(1~5μm)、粉粒(5~50μm)以及细砂粒(50~250μm),分析了植物–微生物联合作用对不同粒径土壤中PAHs的去除效应。研究结果表明:紫花苜蓿–根瘤菌联合作用对PAHs污染土壤的修复效果最优,其降解率达60%以上。不同粒径组分中PAHs含量的分布表现为细砂粒粉粒粗黏粒细黏粒,且PAHs在不同粒径团聚体中去除率差异性较大。低环(2、3环)PAHs在各粒径组分中去除率较低(20%以下),并在不同粒径组分间呈非均衡分配状态;4环PAHs的去除主要集中在粉粒和细砂粒中,而5环PAHs的去除主要发生在细黏粒上。可见,PAHs在土壤不同粒径组分中分布特征及降解效应为进一步阐明PAHs污染土壤的生物修复机制提供了科学依据。     

城市污泥与玉米秸秆堆肥中多环芳烃(PAHs)的研究

将城市污泥与玉米秸秆进行自然通风堆肥处理，应用GC/MS检测方法对污泥堆肥中的多环芳烃化合物(PAHs)进行了分析。污泥堆肥中PAHs的含量较低，ΣPAHs和ΣPAHs_carc分别为0.561 mg/kg和0.107 mg/kg，绝大部分PAHs化合物的含量低于0.050 mg/kg，含量较高的主要是中、低分子量的化合物。PAHs的降解效果显著，ΣPAHs和ΣPAHs_carc的降解率在80%左右，绝大部分化合物的降解率在50%以上，中等分子量的3个和4个苯环的化合物的降解效果相对较好。污泥堆肥中PAHs的含量、分布模式及其降解效果与原污泥中PAHs的特征密切相关。     

Soil volatile fungistasis and volatile fungistatic compounds

Fungistasis is a widespread phenomenon that can be mediated by soil microorganisms and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The relationship between soil microorganisms and VOCs is still unclear, however, and many fungistatic compounds remain to be identified. We assessed the effects of soils (soil direct fungistasis) and VOCs produced by natural soils (soil volatile fungistasis) on the spore germination of several fungi. Both strong soil direct fungistasis and soil volatile fungistasis were observed in a wide range of soils. Soil fungistasis and VOC fungistasis were significantly correlated (P<0.001). The volatile fungistatic activity of soils stopped after autoclaving. Some VOCs were identified by using solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrum. VOC composition and in vitro antagonism of relatively pure commercial compounds also were measured. Some VOCs, trimethylamine, 3-methyl-2-pentanone, dimethyl disulfide, methyl pyrazine, 2,5-dimethyl-pyrazine, benzaldehyde, N,N-dimethyloctylamine and nonadecane, were produced by various fungistatic soils. Moreover, antifungal activity test of above VOCs showed that trimethylamine, benzaldehyde, and N,N-dimethyloctylamine have strong antifungal activity even at low levels (4-12 mg l⁻¹).     

Composition,distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of the western harbour of alexandria,egypt

Aim and Background  Little data are available on the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sediments of the Mediterranean Sea Coast of Egypt in general and the Alexandria coastal zone in particular. It was therefore deemed necessary to set up a monitoring programme to determine the current concentrations of PAHs in bottom sediments, and to identify any area where high concentrations of these potential hazardous contaminants were present in the Western Harbour of Alexandria. Methods  The composition, distribution and the source of PAHs in surficial sediments of the harbour were investigated. To document the spatial PAH input, surficial sediment samples from 23 locations throughout the harbour were analysed. as]Results and Discussion The total PAH load determined in the surficial sediment samples ranged from 8 to 131150 ng g¹ dry wt, generally with most of the samples having total concentrations of PAHs greater than 5000 ng g¹ dry weight. The highest concentration of total PAHs was recorded in sediments of the inner harbour. Ratio values of specific compounds such as phenanthrene to anthracene, fluoranthrene to pyrene, methyl-phen-anthrene to phenanthrene, methyl-dibenzothiophenes to dibenzothiophenes, alkylated to non-alkylated and high molecular weight to low molecular weight PAH, were calculated to evaluate the possible source of PAH contamination in the harbour sediments. Conclusions  Two main sources of PAH in the study area have been found: pyrolytic and petrogenic. Interferences of rather petrogenic and pyrolytic PAH contaminations were noticed for most samples. The dominant sources of PAH appear to be the combustion processes through run-off, industrial and sewage discharges, and atmospheric input. The concentrations of PAHs were generally above levels expected to cause adverse biological effects. Recommendations and outlook  Information from this study and any other relevant studies should be useful in designing future strategies for environmental protection and management of the harbour.     

固液反应球磨制备Al-Cu-Co三元金属间化合物

利用固液反应球磨技术制备了Al-Cu-Co三元合金．分别采用Co球球磨Al-33．2％Cu(此文中的百分比为质量分数)，Al-54％Cu(A12Cu)和Al-70％Cu(A1QJ)二元合金熔体，在923K和973K球磨Al-33．2％Cu熔体12h后生成Al65Co15Cu20粉末；在923K和1023K球磨24h后生成Al69Co25Cu6粉末，在893K和993K分别球磨Al-54％Cu(A12Cu)合金熔体12h和24h后均生成Al65Co15Cu2n粉末；在1123K球磨Al-70％Cu合金熔体24h后生成Al65Co15Cu20粉末．采用Al-Cu-Co固液反应球磨得到的金属间化合物粉末为纳米粒子．同时，对Al-Cu-Co三元合金相形成的规律进行了研究，对固液反应球磨机理进行了探讨．在固液反应球磨过程中，三元合金产物的元素摩尔比接近于二元母合金中的元素摩尔比；三元合金产物成分中固相第三组元的成分含量与二元母合金熔体成分有很大关系；提高反应球磨温度、延长球磨时间有利于三元合金产物的形成；延长球磨时间，形成的三元合金产物中磨球的成分增加；反应球磨温度超出二元母合金熔点越高，球磨反应越容易进行．     

番茄、黄瓜的风味物质及研究

本文对番茄和黄瓜风味品质的研究进行简要的综述。主要从这两种蔬菜的特征风味化合物，芳香物质的主要形成途径，挥发性物质与其它品质性状的关系，风味品质的研究方法，以及形成过程中的重要酶之一脂氧合酶的研究现状等方面进行评述。     

固液反应球磨制备Al-Cu-Ni三元金属间化合物粉末

利用固液反应球磨技术制备了Al-Cu-Ni三元合金粉末.采用Ni球球磨wAl-33.2%wCu,wAl-54%wCu(Al2Cu)和wAl-70%wCu(AlCu)二元合金熔体,在893 K分别球磨wAl-33.2%wCu熔体12 h和24 h后均生成了Al7Cu4Ni粉末;在893 K球磨wAl-54%wCu12h后生成Al7Cu4Ni粉末,在993 K和1 123 K球磨wAl-54%wCu(Al2Cu)24 h后均生成Al0.28Cu0.69Ni0-粉末;在1 123 K球磨wAl-70%wCu(Al2Cu)24 h后生成Al0.28Cu0.69Ni0-粉末.同时,对Al-Cu-Ni三元合金相形成规律进行了研究,对固液反应球磨机理进行了探讨.     

氮肥种类对香料烟生长及产量品质的影响

研究了不同氮肥种类对香料生长、光合速率、产量、产值及香气物质含量的影响。结果表明，施有机氮肥较无机氮肥处理的烟株，植株矮，叶片小，但生活后期叶片光合速率较高。有机氮肥中以施芝麻饼处理的产量、产值较高，无机氮肥中以施复合肥的产量、产值较高；A，B级烟叶比例，施芝麻饼处理的达87.3％-88.7％，复合肥为76.3％-78.2％，其它处理在80.0％-82.5％之间。施芝麻饼肥有利于提高香料烟典型香气物质含量及香气物质总量；施牛粪有利于提高香料烟特征香气物质赖百当类的含量；施KNO3处理的烟叶香气物质总量及典型香气物质含量明显高于施复合肥处理，与施牛粪处理的接近。